According to the manner in which the hadeeth is reported
Different ways of reporting, e.g. (he narrated to us), (he informed
us), (I heard), and (on the authority of) are used by the reporters of
hadeeth. The first three indicate that the reporter personally heard from
his shaikh, whereas the fourth mode can denote either hearing in person
or through another reporter.
A mudallas ("concealed") hadeeth is one which is weak due to the uncertainty
caused by tadlis. Tadlis (concealing) refers to an isnad where a reporter
has concealed the identity of his shaikh. Ibn al-Salah describes two types
of tadlis:
- tadlis al-isnad. A person reports from his shaikh
whom he met, what he did not hear from him, or from a contemporary of
his whom he did not meet, in such a way as to create the impression
that he heard the hadeeth in person. A mudallis (one who practises tadlis)
here usually uses the mode ("on the authority of") or ("he said") to
conceal the truth about the isnad.
- tadlis al-shuyukh. The reporter does mention his
shaikh by name, but uses a less well-known name, by-name, nickname etc.,
in order not to disclose his shaikh's identity.38
Al-'Iraqi (d. 806), in his notes on Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, adds
a third type of tadlis:
- tadlis al-taswiyyah. To explain it, let us assume
an isnad which contains a trustworthy shaikh reporting from a weak authority,
who in turn reports from another trustworthy shaikh. Now, the reporter
of this isnad omits the intermediate weak authority, leaving it apparently
consisting of reliable authorities. He plainly shows that he heard it
from his shaikh but he uses the mode "on the authority of" to link his
immediate shaikh with the next trustworthy one. To an average student,
this isnad seems free of any doubt or discrepancy. This is known to
have been practised by Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash
and al- Thauri. It is said to be the worst among the three kinds of
tadlis.39
Ibn Hajar classifies those who practised tadlis into five categories
in his essay Tabaqat al- Mudallisin:
- Those who are known to do it occasionally, such as Yahya b. Sa'id
al-Ansari.
- Those who are accepted by the traditionists, either because of their
good reputation and relatively few cases of tadlis, e.g. Sufyan al-Thauri
(d. 161), or because they reported from authentic authorities only,
e.g. Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).
- Those who practised it a great deal, and the traditionists have accepted
such ahadeeth from them which were reported with a clear mention of
hearing directly. Among these are Abu 'l- Zubair al-Makki, whose ahadeeth
narrated from the Companion Jabir b. 'Abdullah have been collected in
Sahih Muslim. Opinions differ regarding whether they are acceptable
or not.
- Similar to the previous category, but the traditionists agree that
their ahadeeth are to be rejected unless they clearly admit of their
hearing, such as by saying "I heard"; an example of this category is
Baqiyyah b. al- Walid.
- Those who are disparaged due to another reason apart from tadlis;
their ahadeeth are rejected, even though they admit of hearing them
directly. Exempted from them are reporters such as Ibn Lahi'ah, the
famous Egyptian judge, whose weakness is found to be of a lesser degree.
Ibn Hajar gives the names of 152 such reporters.40
Tadlis, especially of those in the last three categories, is so disliked
that Shu'bah (d. 170) said, "Tadlis is the brother of lying" and "To commit
adultery is more favourable to me than to report by way of Tadlis."41
A musalsal (uniformly-linked) isnad is one in which all the reporters,
as well as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), use
the same mode of transmission such as 'an, haddathana, etc., repeat any
other additional statement or remark, or act in a particular manner while
narrating the hadeeth.
Al-Hakim gives eight examples of such isnads, each having a different
characteristic repeated feature:
- use of the phrase sami'tu (I heard);
- the expression "stand and pour water for me so that I may illustrate
the way my shaikh performed ablution";
- haddathana (he narrated to us);
- amarani (he commanded me);
- holding one's beard;
- illustrating by counting on five fingers;
- the expression "I testify that ..."; and
- interlocking the fingers.42
Knowledge of musalsal helps in discounting the possibility of tadlis.
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